How to read this. Each row is where Saudi Arabia imports a material from — the
immediate customs origin, sorted by single-supplier concentration. ⛏ marks a top source that is also
the material's lead miner (a genuine origin); without it, the supplier is a refiner or hub and the real
mine sits further upstream (open the material's profile to see where).
Import-vulnerability index (15/100). A value-weighted average, across Saudi Arabia’s
imports, of each material’s supply-risk index × how concentrated Saudi Arabia’s
own sourcing of it is. High when it buys intrinsically risky materials from a single supplier; lower when
it diversifies. The risk column below is the material’s own score — multiply it by the country’s
share to see where Saudi Arabia is most exposed.
China’s share of Saudi Arabia’s critical-material imports, 2002–2024: 0% ↑ 2%
| Material | Top source | share | import HHI | risk | China | # sources | imports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnesium, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 99% | 0.99 | 60 | 99% | 6 | $18M |
| Manganese ore | 🇿🇦 South Africa ⛏ | 99% | 0.97 | 46 | 0% | 3 | $19M |
| Aluminium ores / bauxite | 🇧🇷 Brazil | 98% | 0.96 | 45 | 1% | 6 | $38M |
| Tungsten, unwrought | 🇮🇳 India | 95% | 0.91 | 50 | 0% | 2 | $12k |
| Ferro-vanadium | 🇮🇳 India | 94% | 0.88 | 46 | 6% | 3 | $139k |
| Antimony, unwrought | 🇰🇷 South Korea | 94% | 0.88 | 35 | 0% | 2 | $85k |
| Arsenic | 🇮🇳 India | 88% | 0.78 | 31 | 0% | 2 | $8k |
| Helium | 🇶🇦 Qatar | 87% | 0.76 | 21 | 1% | 6 | $13M |
| Palladium, unwrought | 🇩🇪 Germany | 86% | 0.75 | 25 | 0% | 3 | $7k |
| Cobalt oxides & hydroxides | 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 74% | 0.56 | 52 | 0% | 6 | $724k |
| Silicon, < 99.99% | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 71% | 0.55 | 47 | 71% | 6 | $2M |
| Fluorspar, >97% CaF2 | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 71% | 0.56 | 50 | 71% | 3 | $103k |
| Coking coal | 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 70% | 0.58 | 22 | 0% | 7 | $11M |
| Refined copper cathodes | 🇨🇩 Congo [DRC] | 59% | 0.43 | 24 | 0% | 7 | $1.5B |
| Ferro-niobium | 🇧🇷 Brazil ⛏ | 58% | 0.45 | 64 | 32% | 5 | $7M |
| Tantalum, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China | 57% | 0.40 | 33 | 57% | 4 | $28k |
| Germanium | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 55% | 0.43 | 47 | 55% | 3 | $14k |
| Gallium | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 55% | 0.43 | 58 | 55% | 3 | $14k |
| Hafnium, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China | 55% | 0.43 | 33 | 55% | 3 | $14k |
| Platinum, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China | 54% | 0.43 | 39 | 54% | 6 | $325k |
| Nickel, unwrought | 🇦🇺 Australia | 54% | 0.40 | 32 | 0% | 6 | $2M |
| Titanium, unwrought | 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 54% | 0.34 | 43 | 6% | 13 | $2M |
| Lithium carbonate | 🇩🇪 Germany | 54% | 0.44 | 65 | 39% | 5 | $455k |
| Natural borates | 🇳🇱 Netherlands | 49% | 0.33 | 41 | 0% | 4 | $460k |
| Baryte | 🇮🇳 India ⛏ | 49% | 0.38 | 15 | 13% | 7 | $121M |
| Rare-earth permanent magnets | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 48% | 0.31 | 52 | 48% | 15 | $5M |
| Natural graphite | 🇺🇸 United States | 40% | 0.28 | 51 | 11% | 8 | $172k |
| Feldspar | 🇮🇳 India | 32% | 0.25 | 27 | 16% | 8 | $5M |
Computed from out/flows_2024.json + out/data.json by build_profiles.py. Customs records the immediate shipper, not the mine — see methodology.