{"generated":"23 Jun 2026","dataUpdated":"11 Aug 2026","headlineYear":2024,"materials":[{"label":"magnets","title":"Rare-earth permanent magnets (CN 8505 11 10)","note":"Near-total concentration: China at ~93% of value, HHI ~0.86. The next origins (Philippines, Vietnam, Japan) are each under 3%.","year":2024,"hhi":0.861,"total_eur":784821501,"china_val":92.72,"china_qty":91.1,"top_partner":"CN","top_share":92.72,"china":true,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":69},{"c":"US","v":12},{"c":"MM","v":11},{"c":"AU","v":5}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":84},{"c":"US","v":5},{"c":"MY","v":5},{"c":"FR","v":1},{"c":"VN","v":1}],"origins":[{"c":"CN","v":92.72,"q":91.1,"eur":727661958},{"c":"PH","v":2.62,"q":3.4,"eur":20596736},{"c":"VN","v":1.51,"q":1.11,"eur":11867653},{"c":"JP","v":0.89,"q":1.15,"eur":6968642},{"c":"GB","v":0.59,"q":1.28,"eur":4658800},{"c":"US","v":0.5,"q":0.15,"eur":3924858}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":45.29},{"c":"PL","v":8.15},{"c":"NL","v":8.06},{"c":"FR","v":7.95},{"c":"HU","v":6.54},{"c":"IT","v":5.06}],"trend":[{"y":2023,"cn":92.66},{"y":2024,"cn":92.72}],"reserves":[{"c":"CN","v":40},{"c":"VN","v":20},{"c":"BR","v":19},{"c":"RU","v":9},{"c":"IN","v":6},{"c":"AU","v":5},{"c":"US","v":2}],"recycling":1,"substitutability":"high","uses":"electric vehicle traction motors; wind turbine generators; electronics","refined_source":"IEA 2026"},{"label":"magnesium","title":"Magnesium, unwrought (CN 8104 11 00)","note":"China ~92% by value, ~95% by tonnage. The naive view blames the Netherlands (44%) - a Rotterdam clearing artefact; the true origin is China.","year":2024,"hhi":0.849,"total_eur":194024556,"china_val":91.89,"china_qty":95.31,"top_partner":"CN","top_share":91.89,"china":true,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":88},{"c":"KZ","v":3},{"c":"BR","v":2},{"c":"IL","v":2},{"c":"RU","v":2},{"c":"TR","v":2},{"c":"IR","v":1}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":94},{"c":"IL","v":2},{"c":"BR","v":2},{"c":"RU","v":1}],"origins":[{"c":"CN","v":91.89,"q":95.31,"eur":178285851},{"c":"IL","v":7.11,"q":3.95,"eur":13797068},{"c":"RU","v":0.31,"q":0.14,"eur":606706},{"c":"JP","v":0.21,"q":0.21,"eur":409294},{"c":"BR","v":0.17,"q":0.14,"eur":325694},{"c":"HK","v":0.16,"q":0.18,"eur":312434}],"naive":[{"c":"NL","v":43.75},{"c":"DE","v":17.68},{"c":"FR","v":8.61},{"c":"GR","v":6.06},{"c":"IT","v":5.96},{"c":"CZ","v":3.56}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":88.87},{"y":2011,"cn":94.25},{"y":2012,"cn":91.02},{"y":2013,"cn":94},{"y":2014,"cn":95.25},{"y":2015,"cn":92.69},{"y":2016,"cn":93.55},{"y":2017,"cn":92.57},{"y":2018,"cn":93.46},{"y":2019,"cn":95.01},{"y":2020,"cn":92.88},{"y":2021,"cn":88.86},{"y":2022,"cn":92.48},{"y":2023,"cn":96.27},{"y":2024,"cn":91.89}],"reserves":[{"c":"RU","v":30},{"c":"SK","v":16},{"c":"CN","v":9},{"c":"AU","v":4}],"recycling":13,"substitutability":"medium","uses":"aluminium alloys for automotive parts; iron and steel desulfurization","net_import_reliance":">50%","refined_source":"BGS World Mineral Statistics 2024"},{"label":"germanium","title":"Germanium (CN 8112 92 95)","note":"The cleanest member-state trap: the naive view points at Belgium (Umicore's Antwerp refining hub - a processing/transit artefact), while the corrected view shows China at ~83%.","year":2024,"hhi":0.712,"total_eur":29311675,"china_val":83.41,"china_qty":89.21,"top_partner":"CN","top_share":83.41,"china":true,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":68},{"c":"RU","v":5},{"c":"US","v":3}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":94},{"c":"US","v":3},{"c":"RU","v":2}],"origins":[{"c":"CN","v":83.41,"q":89.21,"eur":24449022},{"c":"US","v":12.01,"q":6.38,"eur":3521164},{"c":"KR","v":3.72,"q":3.69,"eur":1089363},{"c":"TW","v":0.42,"q":0.25,"eur":122370},{"c":"JP","v":0.19,"q":0.13,"eur":55289},{"c":"CH","v":0.12,"q":0.08,"eur":34862}],"naive":[{"c":"BE","v":63.43},{"c":"DE","v":19.51},{"c":"LV","v":7.71},{"c":"FR","v":6.59},{"c":"IT","v":1.13},{"c":"NL","v":0.87}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":72.95},{"y":2011,"cn":79.26},{"y":2012,"cn":41.25},{"y":2013,"cn":29.4},{"y":2014,"cn":20.07},{"y":2015,"cn":61.11},{"y":2016,"cn":54.34},{"y":2017,"cn":66.53},{"y":2018,"cn":72.14},{"y":2019,"cn":74.75},{"y":2020,"cn":58.21},{"y":2021,"cn":84.17},{"y":2022,"cn":82.75},{"y":2023,"cn":87.57},{"y":2024,"cn":83.41}],"recycling":2,"substitutability":"high","uses":"fiber-optic networks; infrared imaging optics; solar cells; polymerization catalysts","export_control":"China export licensing (Aug 2023)","net_import_reliance":">50%","refined_source":"BGS World Mineral Statistics 2024","host":"zinc"},{"label":"graphite","title":"Natural graphite (CN 2504 90 00)","note":"China ~82%. Topical: graphite is the EV-battery anode, and China imposed export licensing in December 2023. The naive view points at Germany; Madagascar and Brazil supply more tonnage than value.","year":2024,"hhi":0.691,"total_eur":18268654,"china_val":82.45,"china_qty":61.65,"top_partner":"CN","top_share":82.45,"china":true,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":77},{"c":"MG","v":6},{"c":"MZ","v":6},{"c":"BR","v":5},{"c":"KR","v":2},{"c":"IN","v":1},{"c":"KP","v":1},{"c":"RU","v":1}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":94},{"c":"JP","v":3},{"c":"ID","v":1},{"c":"US","v":1}],"origins":[{"c":"CN","v":82.45,"q":61.65,"eur":15061868},{"c":"MG","v":9.37,"q":32.14,"eur":1711438},{"c":"BR","v":4.83,"q":5.38,"eur":882274},{"c":"US","v":2.13,"q":0.16,"eur":388929},{"c":"GB","v":0.71,"q":0.41,"eur":129724},{"c":"IN","v":0.38,"q":0.21,"eur":69390}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":57.58},{"c":"SE","v":14.75},{"c":"ES","v":6.96},{"c":"PL","v":5.51},{"c":"RO","v":2.69},{"c":"FR","v":2.54}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":45.72},{"y":2011,"cn":50.57},{"y":2012,"cn":65},{"y":2013,"cn":57.33},{"y":2014,"cn":66.52},{"y":2015,"cn":69.59},{"y":2016,"cn":80.65},{"y":2017,"cn":75.05},{"y":2018,"cn":35.95},{"y":2019,"cn":56.74},{"y":2020,"cn":34.13},{"y":2021,"cn":26.21},{"y":2022,"cn":42.43},{"y":2023,"cn":59.52},{"y":2024,"cn":82.45}],"reserves":[{"c":"CN","v":28},{"c":"BR","v":26},{"c":"MG","v":9},{"c":"MZ","v":9},{"c":"TZ","v":6},{"c":"RU","v":5},{"c":"IN","v":3},{"c":"CA","v":2},{"c":"TR","v":2},{"c":"KP","v":1},{"c":"KR","v":1},{"c":"MX","v":1},{"c":"LK","v":1}],"recycling":3,"substitutability":"high","uses":"lithium-ion battery anodes; steelmaking electrodes; refractory bricks; lubricants","reserve_life":175,"export_control":"China flake-graphite export restrictions (Dec 2023)","net_import_reliance":"100%","refined_source":"IEA 2026"},{"label":"gallium","title":"Gallium (CN 8112 92 89)","note":"Watch the export controls: China's origin share fell 96.8% (2022) -> 85% (2023) -> 68% (2024) as Canada and Russia stepped in - the July-2023 controls visible directly in the customs record.","year":2024,"hhi":0.503,"total_eur":11255579,"china_val":67.94,"china_qty":77.5,"top_partner":"CN","top_share":67.94,"china":true,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":98}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":98}],"origins":[{"c":"CN","v":67.94,"q":77.5,"eur":7646901},{"c":"CA","v":15.45,"q":11.18,"eur":1738796},{"c":"RU","v":13.18,"q":9.2,"eur":1483901},{"c":"US","v":2.38,"q":0.68,"eur":267502},{"c":"JP","v":0.59,"q":0.93,"eur":66698},{"c":"TW","v":0.37,"q":0.32,"eur":41118}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":77.94},{"c":"NL","v":15.42},{"c":"HU","v":2.86},{"c":"IT","v":1.64},{"c":"CZ","v":1.3},{"c":"SK","v":0.3}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":5.91},{"y":2011,"cn":4.3},{"y":2012,"cn":8.37},{"y":2013,"cn":34.71},{"y":2014,"cn":66.26},{"y":2015,"cn":62.28},{"y":2016,"cn":31.03},{"y":2017,"cn":54.13},{"y":2018,"cn":50.62},{"y":2019,"cn":82.99},{"y":2020,"cn":86.19},{"y":2021,"cn":84.48},{"y":2022,"cn":96.84},{"y":2023,"cn":85.01},{"y":2024,"cn":67.94}],"recycling":0,"substitutability":"high","uses":"semiconductor wafers for optoelectronics and high-frequency wireless communications","export_control":"China export controls (Aug 2023)","net_import_reliance":"100%","host":"aluminium"},{"label":"tungsten","title":"Tungsten, unwrought (CN 8101 94 00)","note":"China is the largest origin (~58% value, ~73% tonnage) but not alone - Britain supplies ~22%. Even here the naive view (Germany 55%) misstates who the EU relies on.","year":2024,"hhi":0.396,"total_eur":7401412,"china_val":57.98,"china_qty":73.1,"top_partner":"CN","top_share":57.98,"china":true,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":81},{"c":"VN","v":4},{"c":"RU","v":3},{"c":"BO","v":2},{"c":"KP","v":2},{"c":"RW","v":2},{"c":"ES","v":2},{"c":"AU","v":1},{"c":"AT","v":1},{"c":"PT","v":1}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":86},{"c":"US","v":4},{"c":"VN","v":3}],"origins":[{"c":"CN","v":57.98,"q":73.1,"eur":4291521},{"c":"GB","v":21.97,"q":16.88,"eur":1625958},{"c":"CH","v":8.23,"q":1.77,"eur":609122},{"c":"JP","v":6.38,"q":1.78,"eur":472542},{"c":"HK","v":2.19,"q":1.81,"eur":162158},{"c":"US","v":2.19,"q":3.61,"eur":161729}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":54.53},{"c":"FR","v":12.56},{"c":"IT","v":11.84},{"c":"NL","v":6.71},{"c":"SE","v":4.25},{"c":"PL","v":3.73}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":29.8},{"y":2011,"cn":36.82},{"y":2012,"cn":43.33},{"y":2013,"cn":29.6},{"y":2014,"cn":23.45},{"y":2015,"cn":25.53},{"y":2016,"cn":29.57},{"y":2017,"cn":18.95},{"y":2018,"cn":35.74},{"y":2019,"cn":39.58},{"y":2020,"cn":35.17},{"y":2021,"cn":49.61},{"y":2022,"cn":54.57},{"y":2023,"cn":56.4},{"y":2024,"cn":57.98}],"reserves":[{"c":"CN","v":52},{"c":"AU","v":13},{"c":"RU","v":9},{"c":"VN","v":2},{"c":"ES","v":2},{"c":"KP","v":1}],"recycling":42,"substitutability":"high","uses":"wear-resistant cemented carbide cutting tools; superalloys; electrical contacts","reserve_life":56,"net_import_reliance":">50%","refined_source":"EU CRM 2023"},{"label":"cobalt","title":"Cobalt oxides & hydroxides (CN 2822 00 00)","note":"The refined-cobalt dependency (the metal alone is diversified): China refines ~62% of the EU's cobalt-oxide imports - the battery-cathode precursor. The naive view blames Belgium (~43%, Umicore's refining/clearing hub); the refined-product origin is China, while the MINE origin is DR Congo (~76% of world cobalt mining) - the trade ledger shows the refiner, not the mine.","year":2024,"hhi":0.474,"total_eur":19340264,"china_val":62.25,"china_qty":63.79,"top_partner":"CN","top_share":62.25,"china":true,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CD","v":74},{"c":"ID","v":7},{"c":"RU","v":4},{"c":"AU","v":2},{"c":"MG","v":2},{"c":"PH","v":2},{"c":"CA","v":1},{"c":"CU","v":1},{"c":"PG","v":1},{"c":"TR","v":1}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":82},{"c":"FI","v":6},{"c":"ID","v":2},{"c":"AU","v":2},{"c":"CA","v":2},{"c":"JP","v":2},{"c":"NO","v":1},{"c":"RU","v":1},{"c":"MG","v":1},{"c":"MA","v":1}],"origins":[{"c":"CN","v":62.25,"q":63.79,"eur":12038563},{"c":"GB","v":28.3,"q":27.64,"eur":5472812},{"c":"BR","v":7.98,"q":7.73,"eur":1543211},{"c":"KR","v":1.02,"q":0.75,"eur":197248},{"c":"US","v":0.15,"q":0.02,"eur":29136},{"c":"JP","v":0.15,"q":0.01,"eur":28124}],"naive":[{"c":"BE","v":43.18},{"c":"DE","v":18.29},{"c":"ES","v":14.33},{"c":"IT","v":8.09},{"c":"NL","v":6.84},{"c":"FR","v":6.52}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":33.64},{"y":2011,"cn":37.15},{"y":2012,"cn":28.57},{"y":2013,"cn":26.34},{"y":2014,"cn":63.19},{"y":2015,"cn":50.78},{"y":2016,"cn":34.83},{"y":2017,"cn":56.39},{"y":2018,"cn":35.29},{"y":2019,"cn":73.46},{"y":2020,"cn":74.68},{"y":2021,"cn":86.99},{"y":2022,"cn":87.89},{"y":2023,"cn":65.68},{"y":2024,"cn":62.25}],"reserves":[{"c":"CD","v":55},{"c":"AU","v":15},{"c":"CU","v":5},{"c":"ID","v":5},{"c":"PH","v":2},{"c":"RU","v":2},{"c":"CA","v":2},{"c":"MG","v":1},{"c":"TR","v":1},{"c":"US","v":1}],"recycling":22,"substitutability":"high","uses":"lithium-ion battery cathodes; superalloys for aerospace engines; catalysts","reserve_life":48,"net_import_reliance":"67%","refined_source":"BGS World Mineral Statistics 2024","host":"copper & nickel"},{"label":"niobium","title":"Ferro-niobium (CN 7202 93 00)","note":"A near-monopoly, but on Brazil, not China: Brazil supplies ~84% of EU ferro-niobium (the additive for high-strength steel), with Canada the rest. The naive view points at the Netherlands (~49%, a Rotterdam clearing artefact); the origin is Brazil.","year":2024,"hhi":0.734,"total_eur":496767541,"china_val":0.07,"china_qty":0.01,"top_partner":"BR","top_share":84.26,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"BR","v":90},{"c":"CA","v":8},{"c":"CD","v":1},{"c":"RU","v":1}],"refined":[{"c":"BR","v":88}],"origins":[{"c":"BR","v":84.26,"q":86,"eur":418586479},{"c":"CA","v":15.58,"q":13.92,"eur":77387737},{"c":"CN","v":0.07,"q":0.01,"eur":337953},{"c":"AM","v":0.05,"q":0.03,"eur":255355},{"c":"GB","v":0.02,"q":0.02,"eur":106578},{"c":"ZA","v":0.01,"q":0.01,"eur":27301}],"naive":[{"c":"NL","v":48.67},{"c":"DE","v":15.27},{"c":"IT","v":5.79},{"c":"BE","v":5.72},{"c":"SE","v":5.15},{"c":"FI","v":4.42}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":0.11},{"y":2011,"cn":0.16},{"y":2012,"cn":0},{"y":2013,"cn":0},{"y":2014,"cn":0},{"y":2015,"cn":0},{"y":2016,"cn":0},{"y":2017,"cn":0},{"y":2018,"cn":0},{"y":2019,"cn":0},{"y":2020,"cn":0.01},{"y":2021,"cn":0.02},{"y":2022,"cn":0},{"y":2023,"cn":0},{"y":2024,"cn":0.07}],"reserves":[{"c":"BR","v":90},{"c":"CA","v":9},{"c":"US","v":1}],"recycling":0,"substitutability":"medium","uses":"high-strength low-alloy steel for pipelines; superalloys; superconducting magnets","reserve_life":215,"net_import_reliance":"100%"},{"label":"boron","title":"Natural borates (CN 2528 00 00)","note":"The most concentrated dependency in the atlas - and it is Turkey, not China: Turkey supplies ~98% of EU natural-borate imports (HHI 0.96). The naive view is scattered across member states (none above ~20%); the corrected view is almost a single bar.","year":2024,"hhi":0.963,"total_eur":32720034,"china_val":0.17,"china_qty":0.03,"top_partner":"TR","top_share":98.12,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"TR","v":47},{"c":"US","v":24},{"c":"AR","v":5},{"c":"CL","v":5}],"origins":[{"c":"TR","v":98.12,"q":99.05,"eur":32103709},{"c":"BO","v":1.25,"q":0.7,"eur":410165},{"c":"GB","v":0.26,"q":0.17,"eur":85963},{"c":"CN","v":0.17,"q":0.03,"eur":56380},{"c":"US","v":0.12,"q":0.02,"eur":37885},{"c":"AR","v":0.07,"q":0.03,"eur":21486}],"naive":[{"c":"AT","v":18.97},{"c":"NL","v":12.96},{"c":"BE","v":12.31},{"c":"CZ","v":10.83},{"c":"ES","v":10.1},{"c":"SK","v":7.81}],"trend":[{"y":2012,"cn":0},{"y":2013,"cn":0.03},{"y":2014,"cn":0},{"y":2015,"cn":0.03},{"y":2016,"cn":0},{"y":2017,"cn":0},{"y":2018,"cn":0.32},{"y":2019,"cn":0.04},{"y":2020,"cn":0.01},{"y":2021,"cn":0.35},{"y":2022,"cn":0.3},{"y":2023,"cn":0.28},{"y":2024,"cn":0.17}],"refined":[{"c":"TR","v":60}],"reserves":[{"c":"TR","v":87},{"c":"US","v":4},{"c":"RU","v":4},{"c":"CL","v":3},{"c":"CN","v":2}],"recycling":1,"substitutability":"medium","uses":"borosilicate glass and ceramics; agricultural nutrients; flame retardants","net_import_reliance":"net exporter"},{"label":"lithium","title":"Lithium carbonate (CN 2836 91 00)","note":"The battery metal - a concentrated dependency, but NOT on China: Chile supplies ~75% (the South American 'lithium triangle'), with the US and Argentina behind. The naive view blames the Netherlands and Germany (clearing hubs); the origin is South America.","year":2024,"hhi":0.584,"total_eur":182113259,"china_val":0.79,"china_qty":0.81,"top_partner":"CL","top_share":74.97,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"AU","v":48},{"c":"CL","v":24},{"c":"CN","v":18},{"c":"AR","v":5},{"c":"BR","v":3},{"c":"CA","v":2},{"c":"ZW","v":2}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":74},{"c":"CL","v":16},{"c":"AR","v":5},{"c":"AU","v":2},{"c":"DE","v":1}],"origins":[{"c":"CL","v":74.97,"q":78.47,"eur":136526454},{"c":"US","v":12.6,"q":8.4,"eur":22950929},{"c":"AR","v":6.41,"q":7.17,"eur":11675353},{"c":"GB","v":4.19,"q":4.55,"eur":7632787},{"c":"CN","v":0.79,"q":0.81,"eur":1430539},{"c":"KR","v":0.5,"q":0.16,"eur":915953}],"naive":[{"c":"NL","v":39.32},{"c":"DE","v":34.07},{"c":"FR","v":8.14},{"c":"BE","v":4.91},{"c":"IT","v":4.09},{"c":"ES","v":3.47}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":3.18},{"y":2011,"cn":3.61},{"y":2012,"cn":2.61},{"y":2013,"cn":2.9},{"y":2014,"cn":2.82},{"y":2015,"cn":2.53},{"y":2016,"cn":2.02},{"y":2017,"cn":1.48},{"y":2018,"cn":0.43},{"y":2019,"cn":1.3},{"y":2020,"cn":1.47},{"y":2021,"cn":2.35},{"y":2022,"cn":2.92},{"y":2023,"cn":11.69},{"y":2024,"cn":0.79}],"reserves":[{"c":"CL","v":33},{"c":"AU","v":22},{"c":"AR","v":13},{"c":"CN","v":11},{"c":"US","v":4},{"c":"CA","v":3}],"recycling":0,"substitutability":"high","uses":"lithium-ion battery chemistry; lubricating greases; glass and ceramics","reserve_life":156,"net_import_reliance":">25%","refined_source":"IEA 2026"},{"label":"antimony","title":"Antimony, unwrought (CN 8110 10 00)","note":"The method's acid test: the naive view says France and Belgium (~37% each); the corrected view reveals Tajikistan at ~69%, with China barely present. Proof this is not a China-finding machine - it surfaces whatever origin the transit data hides.","year":2024,"hhi":0.494,"total_eur":316881577,"china_val":5.76,"china_qty":5.91,"top_partner":"TJ","top_share":68.92,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":48},{"c":"TJ","v":25},{"c":"TR","v":7},{"c":"MM","v":6},{"c":"RU","v":5},{"c":"BO","v":4},{"c":"AU","v":3},{"c":"IR","v":1},{"c":"MX","v":1}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":75}],"origins":[{"c":"TJ","v":68.92,"q":66.19,"eur":218406067},{"c":"VN","v":9.84,"q":11.15,"eur":31181407},{"c":"TH","v":6.79,"q":7.87,"eur":21515599},{"c":"CN","v":5.76,"q":5.91,"eur":18266502},{"c":"TR","v":2.52,"q":2.61,"eur":7982269},{"c":"KR","v":2.36,"q":2.12,"eur":7463159}],"naive":[{"c":"FR","v":37.26},{"c":"BE","v":36.52},{"c":"NL","v":14.61},{"c":"ES","v":6.52},{"c":"AT","v":1.79},{"c":"DE","v":0.99}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":85.03},{"y":2011,"cn":90.74},{"y":2012,"cn":90.44},{"y":2013,"cn":87.4},{"y":2014,"cn":89.37},{"y":2015,"cn":83.95},{"y":2016,"cn":80.59},{"y":2017,"cn":64.47},{"y":2018,"cn":49.59},{"y":2019,"cn":43.18},{"y":2020,"cn":19.7},{"y":2021,"cn":20.88},{"y":2022,"cn":20.05},{"y":2023,"cn":18.27},{"y":2024,"cn":5.76}],"reserves":[{"c":"US","v":29},{"c":"CN","v":22},{"c":"RU","v":12},{"c":"BO","v":10},{"c":"KG","v":9},{"c":"MM","v":5},{"c":"AU","v":5},{"c":"TR","v":3},{"c":"CA","v":3},{"c":"TJ","v":2},{"c":"PK","v":1},{"c":"MX","v":1}],"recycling":28,"substitutability":"medium","uses":"flame retardant synergists; lead-acid battery grids; military munitions","reserve_life":24,"export_control":"China export controls (Sep 2024)","net_import_reliance":"82%"},{"label":"platinum","title":"Platinum, unwrought (CN 7110 11 00)","note":"Platinum-group metals - autocatalysts and the hydrogen economy. A concentrated non-China dependency: South Africa ~57%, with the UK and US behind. The naive view points at Germany (~43%); the origin is South Africa.","year":2024,"hhi":0.373,"total_eur":1070064221,"china_val":0,"china_qty":0.01,"top_partner":"ZA","top_share":56.69,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"ZA","v":67},{"c":"RU","v":13},{"c":"ZW","v":11},{"c":"CA","v":3},{"c":"US","v":2}],"refined":[{"c":"ZA","v":70}],"origins":[{"c":"ZA","v":56.69,"q":56.24,"eur":606651078},{"c":"GB","v":17.51,"q":17.44,"eur":187391680},{"c":"US","v":12.24,"q":12.26,"eur":130944788},{"c":"CH","v":6.73,"q":6.71,"eur":72022537},{"c":"JP","v":3.64,"q":3.51,"eur":38946036},{"c":"SA","v":0.87,"q":0.85,"eur":9280536}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":43.07},{"c":"IT","v":21.36},{"c":"BE","v":15.73},{"c":"PL","v":8.11},{"c":"IE","v":5.77},{"c":"AT","v":2.7}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":0.54},{"y":2011,"cn":0.36},{"y":2012,"cn":0.11},{"y":2013,"cn":0.43},{"y":2014,"cn":0.1},{"y":2015,"cn":0.05},{"y":2016,"cn":0.02},{"y":2017,"cn":0.04},{"y":2018,"cn":0},{"y":2019,"cn":0.01},{"y":2020,"cn":0},{"y":2021,"cn":0},{"y":2022,"cn":0},{"y":2023,"cn":0},{"y":2024,"cn":0}],"reserves":[{"c":"ZA","v":89},{"c":"RU","v":8},{"c":"ZW","v":2},{"c":"US","v":1}],"recycling":14,"substitutability":"high","uses":"catalytic converters; petroleum refining catalysts; jewelry; electronics; medicine","reserve_life":158},{"label":"palladium","title":"Palladium, unwrought (CN 7110 21 00)","note":"Platinum's sister PGM, and the sharpest naive trap in the atlas: the member-state view says Germany ~60% (a refining/clearing hub that mines no PGM), while the true origin is South Africa ~40% and Russia ~20% - the latter a live sanctions exposure for autocatalysts.","year":2024,"hhi":0.246,"total_eur":1805140282,"china_val":0.1,"china_qty":0.11,"top_partner":"ZA","top_share":39.94,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"RU","v":44},{"c":"ZA","v":34},{"c":"CA","v":8},{"c":"ZW","v":7},{"c":"US","v":5}],"refined":[{"c":"RU","v":40}],"origins":[{"c":"ZA","v":39.94,"q":31.48,"eur":720954523},{"c":"RU","v":20.14,"q":15.47,"eur":363545516},{"c":"US","v":17.33,"q":13.27,"eur":312824585},{"c":"GB","v":9.13,"q":7.33,"eur":164865646},{"c":"CH","v":7.99,"q":6.04,"eur":144148616},{"c":"KR","v":2.44,"q":1.87,"eur":43955753}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":59.84},{"c":"IT","v":24.24},{"c":"PL","v":6.65},{"c":"BE","v":5.26},{"c":"FR","v":1.5},{"c":"ES","v":1.09}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":0.12},{"y":2011,"cn":0},{"y":2012,"cn":0},{"y":2013,"cn":0},{"y":2014,"cn":0},{"y":2015,"cn":0},{"y":2016,"cn":0},{"y":2017,"cn":0},{"y":2018,"cn":0},{"y":2019,"cn":0.88},{"y":2020,"cn":5.74},{"y":2021,"cn":0.03},{"y":2022,"cn":0.23},{"y":2023,"cn":0.23},{"y":2024,"cn":0.1}],"reserves":[{"c":"ZA","v":89},{"c":"RU","v":8},{"c":"ZW","v":2},{"c":"US","v":1}],"recycling":14,"substitutability":"medium","uses":"catalytic converters; electrical contacts; hydrogen purification membranes","reserve_life":158,"net_import_reliance":"37%"},{"label":"fluorspar","title":"Fluorspar, >97% CaF2 (CN 2529 22 00)","note":"Feedstock for hydrofluoric acid and refrigerants. A diversified non-China dependency: Mexico ~42% and South Africa ~36%, while the naive view blames Italy (~51%). Mexico is an origin that appears nowhere in the member-state picture.","year":2024,"hhi":0.321,"total_eur":123060291,"china_val":6.06,"china_qty":4.26,"top_partner":"MX","top_share":41.59,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":65},{"c":"MX","v":11},{"c":"MN","v":11},{"c":"ZA","v":5},{"c":"ES","v":2},{"c":"VN","v":2},{"c":"DE","v":1},{"c":"IR","v":1},{"c":"PK","v":1}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":60}],"origins":[{"c":"MX","v":41.59,"q":48.47,"eur":51182756},{"c":"ZA","v":36.42,"q":34.92,"eur":44818499},{"c":"VN","v":9.58,"q":7.42,"eur":11785017},{"c":"CN","v":6.06,"q":4.26,"eur":7456357},{"c":"MA","v":4.94,"q":4.44,"eur":6078172},{"c":"MN","v":0.99,"q":0.46,"eur":1217619}],"naive":[{"c":"IT","v":51.35},{"c":"DE","v":26.72},{"c":"NL","v":12.24},{"c":"CZ","v":2.48},{"c":"PL","v":1.68},{"c":"BE","v":1.52}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":37.3},{"y":2011,"cn":36.13},{"y":2012,"cn":24.55},{"y":2013,"cn":21.17},{"y":2014,"cn":14.5},{"y":2015,"cn":6.56},{"y":2016,"cn":15.27},{"y":2017,"cn":8.35},{"y":2018,"cn":18.89},{"y":2019,"cn":8.6},{"y":2020,"cn":4.62},{"y":2021,"cn":0},{"y":2022,"cn":19.57},{"y":2023,"cn":8.7},{"y":2024,"cn":6.06}],"reserves":[{"c":"MX","v":24},{"c":"CN","v":24},{"c":"ZA","v":15},{"c":"MN","v":12},{"c":"ES","v":5},{"c":"IR","v":2},{"c":"VN","v":1}],"recycling":1,"substitutability":"high","uses":"hydrofluoric acid production; steelmaking and aluminium smelting flux","reserve_life":32,"net_import_reliance":"100%"},{"label":"titanium","title":"Titanium, unwrought (CN 8108 20 00)","note":"Aerospace-grade titanium, post-Russia. The naive view says France (~40%); the corrected view shows Kazakhstan (~33%) and the US (~25%) - the sponge supply that replaced Russia after 2022. A recognised strategic metal sourced from Central Asia, invisible in the member-state view.","year":2024,"hhi":0.208,"total_eur":294386423,"china_val":7.32,"china_qty":10.98,"top_partner":"KZ","top_share":33.15,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":67},{"c":"JP","v":18},{"c":"RU","v":6},{"c":"KZ","v":4},{"c":"SA","v":4}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":67},{"c":"JP","v":18},{"c":"RU","v":6},{"c":"KZ","v":4},{"c":"SA","v":4}],"origins":[{"c":"KZ","v":33.15,"q":37.22,"eur":97583986},{"c":"US","v":24.75,"q":14.33,"eur":72848856},{"c":"CA","v":11.53,"q":1.66,"eur":33932800},{"c":"JP","v":11.09,"q":17.81,"eur":32654459},{"c":"CN","v":7.32,"q":10.98,"eur":21560221},{"c":"SA","v":6.3,"q":13.4,"eur":18541313}],"naive":[{"c":"FR","v":39.53},{"c":"IT","v":22.06},{"c":"DE","v":8.88},{"c":"IE","v":7.46},{"c":"CZ","v":6.33},{"c":"EE","v":5.15}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":9.47},{"y":2011,"cn":16.32},{"y":2012,"cn":7.19},{"y":2013,"cn":3.25},{"y":2014,"cn":6.25},{"y":2015,"cn":4.96},{"y":2016,"cn":2.85},{"y":2017,"cn":3.35},{"y":2018,"cn":4.76},{"y":2019,"cn":5.2},{"y":2020,"cn":6.17},{"y":2021,"cn":5.88},{"y":2022,"cn":13.16},{"y":2023,"cn":9.05},{"y":2024,"cn":7.32}],"reserves":[{"c":"AU","v":29},{"c":"CN","v":28},{"c":"IN","v":12},{"c":"CA","v":7},{"c":"BR","v":6},{"c":"NO","v":5},{"c":"ZA","v":5},{"c":"MG","v":4},{"c":"MZ","v":3},{"c":"UA","v":1}],"recycling":19,"substitutability":"medium","uses":"aerospace airframes and engines; chemical processing vessels; medical implants","net_import_reliance":">95%","refined_source":"USGS MCS 2024"},{"label":"silicon","title":"Silicon, < 99.99% (CN 2804 69 00)","note":"A critical material where the EU is genuinely diversified: origin is Norway (~47%), Brazil and Iceland - not a dependency risk. The naive view still misleads (Germany 44%), but the honest finding here is 'no concentration'. Included to show the method measures rather than confirms.","year":2024,"hhi":0.265,"total_eur":779350719,"china_val":8.04,"china_qty":10.32,"top_partner":"NO","top_share":47.08,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":73},{"c":"RU","v":7},{"c":"BR","v":4},{"c":"NO","v":4},{"c":"AU","v":1},{"c":"ES","v":1},{"c":"CA","v":1},{"c":"PL","v":1},{"c":"BT","v":1},{"c":"IS","v":1},{"c":"IN","v":1},{"c":"DE","v":1},{"c":"KZ","v":1},{"c":"MY","v":1},{"c":"FR","v":1}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":79},{"c":"BR","v":5},{"c":"NO","v":4},{"c":"FR","v":2},{"c":"IS","v":1},{"c":"RU","v":1}],"origins":[{"c":"NO","v":47.08,"q":44.04,"eur":366927148},{"c":"BR","v":15.11,"q":15.15,"eur":117731904},{"c":"IS","v":8.89,"q":8.81,"eur":69318546},{"c":"CN","v":8.04,"q":10.32,"eur":62694163},{"c":"BA","v":4.3,"q":4.21,"eur":33498083},{"c":"AU","v":4.18,"q":4.32,"eur":32605066}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":43.61},{"c":"NL","v":22.63},{"c":"IT","v":8.89},{"c":"FR","v":6.4},{"c":"PL","v":4.76},{"c":"ES","v":2.92}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":7.46},{"y":2011,"cn":11.25},{"y":2012,"cn":5.61},{"y":2013,"cn":11.69},{"y":2014,"cn":20.21},{"y":2015,"cn":27.08},{"y":2016,"cn":14.3},{"y":2017,"cn":17.06},{"y":2018,"cn":19.17},{"y":2019,"cn":13.56},{"y":2020,"cn":9.95},{"y":2021,"cn":7.8},{"y":2022,"cn":11.18},{"y":2023,"cn":4.71},{"y":2024,"cn":8.04}],"recycling":0,"substitutability":"high","uses":"aluminium alloy casting; silicones chemical production; semiconductors; solar cells","net_import_reliance":"<50%","refined_source":"USGS MCS 2024"},{"label":"feldspar","title":"Feldspar (CN 2529 10 00)","note":"The atlas's second near-monopoly on Turkey: ~84% of EU feldspar (ceramics and glass) is Turkish. The naive view blames Spain and Italy (~45%/34%); the origin is overwhelmingly Turkey.","year":2024,"hhi":0.714,"total_eur":291123599,"china_val":0.07,"china_qty":0.01,"top_partner":"TR","top_share":83.58,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"TR","v":23},{"c":"IN","v":19},{"c":"CN","v":9},{"c":"IT","v":8},{"c":"IR","v":7},{"c":"TH","v":5},{"c":"BR","v":3},{"c":"KR","v":3},{"c":"ES","v":3},{"c":"CZ","v":2},{"c":"MX","v":2},{"c":"SA","v":2},{"c":"PK","v":1}],"origins":[{"c":"TR","v":83.58,"q":79.04,"eur":243331635},{"c":"MA","v":12.24,"q":17.17,"eur":35647978},{"c":"NO","v":1.28,"q":1.68,"eur":3738199},{"c":"GL","v":0.88,"q":0.43,"eur":2558029},{"c":"UA","v":0.84,"q":1.38,"eur":2435772},{"c":"BR","v":0.64,"q":0.03,"eur":1876575}],"naive":[{"c":"ES","v":45.29},{"c":"IT","v":33.81},{"c":"PL","v":5.06},{"c":"DE","v":3.51},{"c":"NL","v":2.89},{"c":"FR","v":2.15}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":0.01},{"y":2011,"cn":0},{"y":2012,"cn":0},{"y":2013,"cn":0.01},{"y":2014,"cn":0},{"y":2015,"cn":0},{"y":2016,"cn":0},{"y":2017,"cn":0.11},{"y":2018,"cn":0.22},{"y":2019,"cn":0.07},{"y":2020,"cn":0.14},{"y":2021,"cn":0.08},{"y":2022,"cn":0},{"y":2023,"cn":0.02},{"y":2024,"cn":0.07}],"refined":[{"c":"TR","v":30}],"recycling":0,"substitutability":"low","uses":"fluxing agent in glassmaking and ceramic body formulations","net_import_reliance":"12%"},{"label":"vanadium","title":"Ferro-vanadium (CN 7202 92 00)","note":"A steel- and battery-metal dependency on South Africa (~53%) and South Korea (~32%), China a distant third (~15%). The naive view points at the Netherlands (~35%); the origin is South Africa.","year":2024,"hhi":0.404,"total_eur":86437512,"china_val":15.21,"china_qty":16.42,"top_partner":"ZA","top_share":52.92,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CN","v":68},{"c":"RU","v":20},{"c":"ZA","v":9},{"c":"BR","v":6}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":62},{"c":"RU","v":9},{"c":"ZA","v":8},{"c":"BR","v":5}],"origins":[{"c":"ZA","v":52.92,"q":50.12,"eur":45741830},{"c":"KR","v":31.82,"q":33.42,"eur":27505439},{"c":"CN","v":15.21,"q":16.42,"eur":13145570},{"c":"GB","v":0.04,"q":0.02,"eur":30703},{"c":"TR","v":0.02,"q":0.01,"eur":13236},{"c":"ID","v":0,"q":0,"eur":256}],"naive":[{"c":"NL","v":35.29},{"c":"DE","v":21.72},{"c":"IT","v":11.32},{"c":"PL","v":5.45},{"c":"ES","v":4.72},{"c":"SE","v":3.8}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":16.13},{"y":2011,"cn":24.95},{"y":2012,"cn":19.29},{"y":2013,"cn":19.51},{"y":2014,"cn":26.08},{"y":2015,"cn":33.7},{"y":2016,"cn":32.56},{"y":2017,"cn":21.49},{"y":2018,"cn":25.48},{"y":2019,"cn":11.67},{"y":2020,"cn":0},{"y":2021,"cn":10.88},{"y":2022,"cn":16.61},{"y":2023,"cn":12.47},{"y":2024,"cn":15.21}],"reserves":[{"c":"AU","v":45},{"c":"RU","v":26},{"c":"CN","v":23},{"c":"ZA","v":4},{"c":"BR","v":1}],"recycling":2,"substitutability":"medium","uses":"steel strengthening alloy for structural construction; redox flow batteries","reserve_life":190,"net_import_reliance":"58%","refined_source":"EU CRM 2023"},{"label":"manganese","title":"Manganese ore (CN 2602 00 00)","note":"An African dependency the member-state view erases: Gabon ~51% and South Africa ~41%, while the naive view blames France (~42%). 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The naive view points at Ireland (~35%, the Aughinish alumina refinery) - a processing artefact, not the origin, which is Guinea.","year":2024,"hhi":0.389,"total_eur":635376160,"china_val":5.57,"china_qty":0.78,"top_partner":"GN","top_share":58.8,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"AU","v":24},{"c":"GN","v":24},{"c":"CN","v":23},{"c":"BR","v":8},{"c":"IN","v":6},{"c":"ID","v":5},{"c":"JM","v":2},{"c":"KZ","v":1},{"c":"RU","v":1},{"c":"SA","v":1},{"c":"VN","v":1}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":60},{"c":"AU","v":12},{"c":"BR","v":7},{"c":"IN","v":6},{"c":"ID","v":2},{"c":"AE","v":2},{"c":"RU","v":2},{"c":"JM","v":1},{"c":"SA","v":1},{"c":"VN","v":1},{"c":"KZ","v":1},{"c":"CA","v":1},{"c":"ES","v":1},{"c":"IE","v":1},{"c":"US","v":1},{"c":"DE","v":1}],"origins":[{"c":"GN","v":58.8,"q":71.65,"eur":373623452},{"c":"BR","v":18.15,"q":16.98,"eur":115309819},{"c":"GY","v":7.02,"q":1.62,"eur":44632598},{"c":"CN","v":5.57,"q":0.78,"eur":35375549},{"c":"TR","v":3.37,"q":2.83,"eur":21389284},{"c":"SL","v":3,"q":3.9,"eur":19073007}],"naive":[{"c":"IE","v":34.52},{"c":"DE","v":17.79},{"c":"ES","v":16.36},{"c":"GR","v":9.03},{"c":"NL","v":5.94},{"c":"FR","v":4.92}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":17.63},{"y":2011,"cn":13.67},{"y":2012,"cn":11.88},{"y":2013,"cn":9},{"y":2014,"cn":12.75},{"y":2015,"cn":8.08},{"y":2016,"cn":9.87},{"y":2017,"cn":11.05},{"y":2018,"cn":10.82},{"y":2019,"cn":8.51},{"y":2020,"cn":5.83},{"y":2021,"cn":9.16},{"y":2022,"cn":10.14},{"y":2023,"cn":9.69},{"y":2024,"cn":5.57}],"reserves":[{"c":"GN","v":25},{"c":"VN","v":19},{"c":"AU","v":12},{"c":"BR","v":9},{"c":"JM","v":7},{"c":"ID","v":3},{"c":"CN","v":2},{"c":"IN","v":2},{"c":"RU","v":2},{"c":"SA","v":1},{"c":"KZ","v":1}],"recycling":32,"substitutability":"high","uses":"primary ore feedstock for alumina and aluminium metal production","reserve_life":75,"net_import_reliance":">75%","refined_source":"BGS World Mineral Statistics 2024"},{"label":"phosphate","title":"Phosphate rock (CN 2510 10 00)","note":"Fertiliser feedstock: Russia ~41% and Morocco ~27%, with the naive view split across the Netherlands and Belgium (~33%/31%, the Antwerp/Rotterdam fertiliser hubs). 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The naive view is scattered across the Netherlands and Italy (~25%/24%); the origin is China.","year":2024,"hhi":0.387,"total_eur":75077764,"china_val":53.48,"china_qty":46.2,"top_partner":"CN","top_share":53.48,"china":true,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"IN","v":32},{"c":"CN","v":22},{"c":"MA","v":14},{"c":"KZ","v":7},{"c":"LA","v":7},{"c":"IR","v":4},{"c":"MX","v":3},{"c":"RU","v":3},{"c":"TR","v":3}],"refined":null,"origins":[{"c":"CN","v":53.48,"q":46.2,"eur":40151997},{"c":"MA","v":29.92,"q":43.52,"eur":22460972},{"c":"TR","v":9.96,"q":6.51,"eur":7475901},{"c":"QW","v":2.9,"q":0.55,"eur":2178284},{"c":"MX","v":1.63,"q":1.35,"eur":1223275},{"c":"GB","v":1.19,"q":0.77,"eur":892400}],"naive":[{"c":"NL","v":24.69},{"c":"IT","v":24.5},{"c":"ES","v":12.03},{"c":"DE","v":11.53},{"c":"FR","v":4.54},{"c":"PL","v":4.23}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":57.77},{"y":2011,"cn":60.37},{"y":2012,"cn":52.61},{"y":2013,"cn":60.78},{"y":2014,"cn":58.89},{"y":2015,"cn":63.7},{"y":2016,"cn":68.37},{"y":2017,"cn":68.3},{"y":2018,"cn":67.79},{"y":2019,"cn":54.53},{"y":2020,"cn":53.54},{"y":2021,"cn":63.92},{"y":2022,"cn":62.51},{"y":2023,"cn":52.05},{"y":2024,"cn":53.48}],"reserves":[{"c":"CN","v":28},{"c":"IR","v":26},{"c":"KZ","v":22},{"c":"IN","v":13}],"recycling":1,"substitutability":"medium","uses":"weighting agent in oil and gas drilling muds; barium chemicals","net_import_reliance":">75%"},{"label":"arsenic","title":"Arsenic (CN 2804 80 00)","note":"A concentrated China dependency (~86%), used in semiconductors and alloys. 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The naive view points at Spain and France (refining/clearing); the origin is singular.","year":2024,"hhi":1,"total_eur":123449,"china_val":0,"china_qty":null,"top_partner":"US","top_share":100,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"US","v":58},{"c":"CN","v":22},{"c":"BR","v":12},{"c":"MZ","v":7}],"refined":[{"c":"US","v":65}],"origins":[{"c":"US","v":100,"q":100,"eur":123449}],"naive":[{"c":"ES","v":63.42},{"c":"FR","v":28.45},{"c":"PL","v":4.8},{"c":"DE","v":2.1},{"c":"AT","v":1.17},{"c":"NL","v":0.04}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":0},{"y":2011,"cn":0},{"y":2012,"cn":0.04},{"y":2013,"cn":0},{"y":2014,"cn":0},{"y":2015,"cn":11.05},{"y":2016,"cn":0},{"y":2017,"cn":1.27},{"y":2018,"cn":0.13},{"y":2019,"cn":0.14},{"y":2020,"cn":0.5},{"y":2021,"cn":0.33},{"y":2022,"cn":0},{"y":2023,"cn":9.73},{"y":2024,"cn":0}],"reserves":[{"c":"US","v":60}],"recycling":0,"substitutability":"high","uses":"high-reliability copper alloys for aerospace, defense, and telecommunications","net_import_reliance":"net exporter"},{"label":"hafnium","title":"Hafnium, unwrought (CN 8112 31 00)","note":"The sharpest naive trap in the atlas: the member-state view says Germany ~88%, while the true origin is the US (~60%) and China (~21%). A nuclear- and superalloy-grade metal almost entirely hidden behind one clearing country.","year":2024,"hhi":0.411,"total_eur":52837073,"china_val":21.46,"china_qty":14.2,"top_partner":"US","top_share":59.58,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"AU","v":31},{"c":"ZA","v":25},{"c":"CN","v":9},{"c":"US","v":6},{"c":"ID","v":6},{"c":"MZ","v":6},{"c":"SN","v":3},{"c":"KE","v":2},{"c":"MG","v":2},{"c":"SL","v":2}],"origins":[{"c":"US","v":59.58,"q":50.14,"eur":31480995},{"c":"CN","v":21.46,"q":14.2,"eur":11341144},{"c":"GB","v":6.49,"q":4.63,"eur":3428759},{"c":"CH","v":5.7,"q":6.57,"eur":3012933},{"c":"UA","v":4.26,"q":19.67,"eur":2250559},{"c":"CA","v":1.78,"q":1.15,"eur":939464}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":87.72},{"c":"FR","v":5.36},{"c":"NL","v":4.06},{"c":"BE","v":2.01},{"c":"SE","v":0.37},{"c":"AT","v":0.26}],"trend":[{"y":2022,"cn":33.45},{"y":2023,"cn":39.37},{"y":2024,"cn":21.46}],"refined":[{"c":"FR","v":49},{"c":"US","v":44},{"c":"RU","v":3},{"c":"CN","v":3}],"recycling":0,"substitutability":"high","uses":"nuclear reactor control rods; aerospace superalloys; microchip gate dielectrics","reserves":[{"c":"AU","v":74},{"c":"ZA","v":8},{"c":"SN","v":4},{"c":"MG","v":3},{"c":"MZ","v":2},{"c":"US","v":1}],"reserve_life":46,"refined_source":"EU CRM 2023","host":"zirconium"},{"label":"strontium","title":"Strontium carbonate (CN 2836 92 00)","note":"A Japan-led dependency: ~75% of EU strontium-carbonate imports are Japanese, China ~14%. 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Unlike the mined ore (DRC/Rwanda), the refined metal comes from the processors.","year":2024,"hhi":0.265,"total_eur":9126066,"china_val":36.69,"china_qty":43.04,"top_partner":"CN","top_share":36.69,"china":true,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CD","v":41},{"c":"RW","v":22},{"c":"BR","v":15},{"c":"NG","v":5},{"c":"CN","v":3},{"c":"AU","v":2},{"c":"BI","v":2},{"c":"RU","v":1}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":40}],"origins":[{"c":"CN","v":36.69,"q":43.04,"eur":3348624},{"c":"JP","v":26.02,"q":25.12,"eur":2374773},{"c":"US","v":23.75,"q":22.84,"eur":2167244},{"c":"GB","v":5.72,"q":4.48,"eur":521871},{"c":"TH","v":4.99,"q":3.66,"eur":455766},{"c":"CA","v":2.75,"q":0.64,"eur":251365}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":42.25},{"c":"CZ","v":25.42},{"c":"NL","v":20.33},{"c":"FR","v":9.31},{"c":"PL","v":1.26},{"c":"FI","v":0.58}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":27.77},{"y":2011,"cn":32.25},{"y":2012,"cn":2.41},{"y":2013,"cn":33},{"y":2014,"cn":39.58},{"y":2015,"cn":16.86},{"y":2016,"cn":8.3},{"y":2017,"cn":11.19},{"y":2018,"cn":25.33},{"y":2019,"cn":17.38},{"y":2020,"cn":6.64},{"y":2021,"cn":6.73},{"y":2022,"cn":26.03},{"y":2023,"cn":12.85},{"y":2024,"cn":36.69}],"recycling":1,"substitutability":"high","uses":"capacitors for high-reliability electronics; superalloys; chemical processing vessels","net_import_reliance":"100%"},{"label":"cokingcoal","title":"Coking coal (CN 2701 12 10)","note":"An allied dependency: the US and Australia supply ~44% each, Canada behind. The naive view blames Germany and the Netherlands (the coal ports); the origins are friendly.","year":2024,"hhi":0.393,"total_eur":7118125188,"china_val":0.2,"china_qty":0.23,"top_partner":"US","top_share":44.42,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"AU","v":30},{"c":"CN","v":25},{"c":"RU","v":12},{"c":"US","v":10}],"refined":null,"origins":[{"c":"US","v":44.42,"q":45.77,"eur":3162120371},{"c":"AU","v":43.6,"q":43.16,"eur":3103751459},{"c":"CA","v":7.29,"q":5.99,"eur":518579478},{"c":"MZ","v":1.7,"q":1.65,"eur":121138600},{"c":"KZ","v":1.14,"q":1.4,"eur":81213757},{"c":"UA","v":0.73,"q":0.72,"eur":51759761}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":27.61},{"c":"NL","v":26.48},{"c":"FR","v":7.18},{"c":"SK","v":5.99},{"c":"BE","v":5.06},{"c":"IT","v":5.04}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":0.26},{"y":2011,"cn":0},{"y":2012,"cn":0},{"y":2013,"cn":0},{"y":2014,"cn":1.04},{"y":2015,"cn":0},{"y":2016,"cn":0},{"y":2017,"cn":0},{"y":2018,"cn":0},{"y":2019,"cn":0.12},{"y":2020,"cn":0},{"y":2021,"cn":1.56},{"y":2022,"cn":0.52},{"y":2023,"cn":0},{"y":2024,"cn":0.2}],"reserves":[{"c":"US","v":22},{"c":"RU","v":15},{"c":"AU","v":14},{"c":"CN","v":13}],"recycling":0,"substitutability":"high","uses":"metallurgical coke for blast furnace iron and steel production"},{"label":"helium","title":"Helium (CN 2804 29 10)","note":"A diversified gas dependency: Algeria ~37%, Qatar ~31% and the US ~21%. The naive view splits across Germany and France; the origins are North African, Gulf and American.","year":2024,"hhi":0.283,"total_eur":483370543,"china_val":4.36,"china_qty":31.79,"top_partner":"DZ","top_share":37.4,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"US","v":46},{"c":"QA","v":39},{"c":"DZ","v":6},{"c":"RU","v":5},{"c":"CA","v":2},{"c":"PL","v":2},{"c":"AU","v":1}],"refined":null,"origins":[{"c":"DZ","v":37.4,"q":21.74,"eur":180789809},{"c":"QA","v":30.7,"q":27.15,"eur":148416137},{"c":"US","v":21.31,"q":11.66,"eur":102996411},{"c":"CN","v":4.36,"q":31.79,"eur":21082570},{"c":"RU","v":4.32,"q":2.91,"eur":20889791},{"c":"GB","v":0.62,"q":0.83,"eur":3013219}],"naive":[{"c":"DE","v":23.97},{"c":"FR","v":21.5},{"c":"NL","v":15.85},{"c":"BE","v":9.63},{"c":"IT","v":6.75},{"c":"IE","v":4.03}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":0.21},{"y":2011,"cn":0.51},{"y":2012,"cn":0.16},{"y":2013,"cn":0.19},{"y":2014,"cn":1.8},{"y":2015,"cn":0.32},{"y":2016,"cn":0.78},{"y":2017,"cn":1.24},{"y":2018,"cn":1.59},{"y":2019,"cn":0.62},{"y":2020,"cn":0.39},{"y":2021,"cn":0.31},{"y":2022,"cn":0.19},{"y":2023,"cn":3.96},{"y":2024,"cn":4.36}],"reserves":[{"c":"QA","v":28},{"c":"US","v":23},{"c":"DZ","v":22},{"c":"RU","v":19},{"c":"CA","v":5},{"c":"CN","v":3}],"recycling":1,"substitutability":"high","uses":"superconducting magnet cryogenics; pressurizing/purging systems; controlled atmospheres","reserve_life":216,"net_import_reliance":"net exporter","host":"natural gas"},{"label":"copper","title":"Refined copper cathodes (CN 7403 11 00)","note":"Chile ~39%, then the DRC and Congo. The naive view says Italy (~31%); the true origins are South American and Central African mines - diversified, with a notable DRC share.","year":2024,"hhi":0.245,"total_eur":6099929884,"china_val":0.2,"china_qty":0.21,"top_partner":"CL","top_share":39.29,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"CL","v":23},{"c":"PE","v":12},{"c":"CD","v":11},{"c":"CN","v":8},{"c":"US","v":5},{"c":"AU","v":4},{"c":"ID","v":4},{"c":"RU","v":4},{"c":"KZ","v":3},{"c":"MX","v":3},{"c":"ZM","v":3},{"c":"CA","v":2},{"c":"PL","v":2}],"refined":[{"c":"CN","v":47},{"c":"CD","v":9},{"c":"CL","v":7},{"c":"JP","v":5},{"c":"US","v":3},{"c":"RU","v":3},{"c":"IN","v":2},{"c":"KZ","v":2},{"c":"AU","v":2},{"c":"PL","v":2},{"c":"KR","v":2},{"c":"DE","v":2},{"c":"MX","v":1},{"c":"PE","v":1},{"c":"ID","v":1},{"c":"IR","v":1},{"c":"PH","v":1},{"c":"BE","v":1},{"c":"BG","v":1},{"c":"CA","v":1},{"c":"FI","v":1},{"c":"ES","v":1},{"c":"ZM","v":1}],"origins":[{"c":"CL","v":39.29,"q":39.33,"eur":2396957671},{"c":"CD","v":26.17,"q":25.96,"eur":1596089092},{"c":"CG","v":9.22,"q":9.26,"eur":562435944},{"c":"PE","v":7.3,"q":7.36,"eur":445024706},{"c":"XS","v":7.04,"q":6.95,"eur":429176915},{"c":"RU","v":4.54,"q":4.61,"eur":276851021}],"naive":[{"c":"IT","v":30.63},{"c":"DE","v":24.05},{"c":"FR","v":9.08},{"c":"ES","v":8.2},{"c":"NL","v":8.02},{"c":"SE","v":7.01}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":0.05},{"y":2011,"cn":0.17},{"y":2012,"cn":0},{"y":2013,"cn":0.27},{"y":2014,"cn":0.73},{"y":2015,"cn":0.25},{"y":2016,"cn":0.08},{"y":2017,"cn":0},{"y":2018,"cn":0},{"y":2019,"cn":0},{"y":2020,"cn":0},{"y":2021,"cn":0},{"y":2022,"cn":0.03},{"y":2023,"cn":0.13},{"y":2024,"cn":0.2}],"reserves":[{"c":"CL","v":19},{"c":"PE","v":12},{"c":"AU","v":10},{"c":"CD","v":8},{"c":"MX","v":5},{"c":"US","v":5},{"c":"CN","v":4},{"c":"PL","v":3},{"c":"ID","v":2},{"c":"ZM","v":2},{"c":"KZ","v":2},{"c":"CA","v":1}],"recycling":17,"substitutability":"medium","uses":"electrical wiring and cabling; power transmission; electronics; plumbing","reserve_life":45,"net_import_reliance":"46%","refined_source":"BGS World Mineral Statistics 2024"},{"label":"nickel","title":"Nickel, unwrought (CN 7502 10 00)","note":"A diversified, lower-risk dependency: Norway ~33%, Canada and Russia behind. The naive view points at the Netherlands (~39%); origin is spread across friendly producers - no single chokepoint.","year":2024,"hhi":0.183,"total_eur":2310674299,"china_val":0.56,"china_qty":0.48,"top_partner":"NO","top_share":32.75,"china":false,"updated":"2026-06-15","mined":[{"c":"ID","v":50},{"c":"PH","v":11},{"c":"NC","v":6},{"c":"RU","v":6},{"c":"CA","v":5},{"c":"AU","v":4},{"c":"CN","v":3},{"c":"BR","v":2}],"refined":[{"c":"ID","v":45},{"c":"CN","v":29},{"c":"RU","v":4},{"c":"CA","v":3},{"c":"FI","v":3},{"c":"JP","v":3},{"c":"NO","v":3},{"c":"AU","v":2},{"c":"NC","v":1},{"c":"GB","v":1},{"c":"KR","v":1},{"c":"MG","v":1},{"c":"ZA","v":1},{"c":"BR","v":1},{"c":"CO","v":1}],"origins":[{"c":"NO","v":32.75,"q":31.53,"eur":756716387},{"c":"CA","v":18.28,"q":18.4,"eur":422310638},{"c":"RU","v":12.79,"q":13.16,"eur":295436279},{"c":"GB","v":10.59,"q":10.34,"eur":244813307},{"c":"AU","v":8.43,"q":8.53,"eur":194721153},{"c":"ZA","v":6.76,"q":6.84,"eur":156203330}],"naive":[{"c":"NL","v":38.53},{"c":"DE","v":15.87},{"c":"FR","v":10.76},{"c":"BE","v":10.51},{"c":"IT","v":9.81},{"c":"SE","v":6.07}],"trend":[{"y":2010,"cn":0.04},{"y":2011,"cn":0.04},{"y":2012,"cn":0.34},{"y":2013,"cn":0.45},{"y":2014,"cn":0.55},{"y":2015,"cn":0.99},{"y":2016,"cn":0.12},{"y":2017,"cn":1.23},{"y":2018,"cn":0},{"y":2019,"cn":0.09},{"y":2020,"cn":0.62},{"y":2021,"cn":0.05},{"y":2022,"cn":0.36},{"y":2023,"cn":0.75},{"y":2024,"cn":0.56}],"reserves":[{"c":"ID","v":42},{"c":"AU","v":18},{"c":"BR","v":12},{"c":"RU","v":6},{"c":"NC","v":5},{"c":"PH","v":4},{"c":"CN","v":3},{"c":"CA","v":2}],"recycling":16,"substitutability":"medium","uses":"stainless steel; high-temperature superalloys; lithium-ion battery cathodes","reserve_life":36,"net_import_reliance":"57%","refined_source":"BGS World Mineral Statistics 2024"}]}